新課標(biāo)人教版高三英語第二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題講座六：閱讀理解的解題技巧

　　高考閱讀理解的解題技巧

　　閱讀理解作為考查考生語言能力的重點，《考試大綱》提出了明確的要求：“要求考生讀懂熟悉的有關(guān)日常生活話題的簡短文字材料�？忌鷳�(yīng)能：理解主旨要義；理解文中具體信息；根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；作出簡單判斷和推理；理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度。”高考英語閱讀理解也圍繞這一要求來命題，基本上可分為五類：1．細(xì)節(jié)判斷題；

　　2．猜測詞義題；3．主旨大意題；4．推理引申題；5．篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。下面以2004、2005、2006年全國統(tǒng)一高考英語科試題為例來分析上述五種試題的命題特點、具體要求以及解題技巧和方法。

　　第一節(jié) 細(xì)節(jié)判斷題解題技巧

　　《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中達(dá)到英語學(xué)科的高中畢業(yè)要求為七級，其有關(guān)閱讀最基本的要求是：“能從一般性文章中獲取和處理主要信息”。對這種“獲取和處理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：細(xì)節(jié)判斷。這類題在高考閱讀理解題中占一定的比例，做好這類題是確�；�礎(chǔ)分的關(guān)鍵。同時，弄清細(xì)節(jié)，正確獲取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特別重視做好這類題。

　　細(xì)節(jié)判斷題題干常見的問句形式多種多樣。如：

　　Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

　　Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?

　　Which of the following is NOT considered as …?

　　According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for … ?

　　How many … … ？

　　What/who/when/where/how/why … … ?

　　做這類題的一般方法是通過skimming把握文章中心后，再通過尋讀法（scanning）快速確定該細(xì)節(jié)在文中的出處（信息源），對照選項進(jìn)行“三對一錯或三錯一對”的判斷。若該信息句是長句或難句，要學(xué)會找出其主干部分、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確理解信息句的意義。

　　命題者在出這類題時慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生，即對原句細(xì)微處做改動，截取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點說成B的觀點等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關(guān)鍵。

　　這類細(xì)節(jié)性問題所涉及的面很廣，有的需要經(jīng)過簡單的數(shù)學(xué)運算確定時間、距離、次數(shù)、數(shù)量等；有的涉及正誤判斷；有的詢問事實、原因、結(jié)果、目的等。例如：（注：本書例題練習(xí)中選用全國各地高考題均保留原題號）

　�。�05全國卷II B篇）The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.

　　“My grandmothers didn’t do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that,” said Emily Comette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.

　　While men have long spent their time fishing and playing golf, women have sometimes seemed to become unnoticed as they age. But the generation now turning 50 is the baby boomers(生育高峰期出生的人), and the same people who refused their parents’ way of being young are now trying a new way of growing old.

　　If you take into consideration feminism(女權(quán)主義), a bit of spare money, and better health for most elderly, the Red Hat Society looks almost inevitable(必然的). In this society, women over 50 wear red hats and purple(紫色的) clothes, while the women under 50 wear pink hats and light purple clothing.

　　“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t go.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of attention.

　　“The point of this is that we need a rest from always doing something for someone else,” Cooper said. “Women feel so ashamed and sorry when they do something for themselves.” This is why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing anything useful. “We’re a ladies’ play group. It couldn’t be more simple,” added Cooper’s assistant Joe Heywood.

　　47．Who set up the Red Hat Society ?

　　A．Emily Comette. B．Ellen Cooper. C．Jenny Joseph.  D．Joe Heywood.

　　48．Women join the Red Hat Society because          .

　　A．they want to stay young

　　B．they would like to appear more attractive

　　C．they would like to have fun and live for themselves

　　D．they want to be more like their parents

　　解析：這兩題都是細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。和47題相關(guān)的信息句是文中的：“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t go.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. 理解了這句話，我們不難得出答案B。 通過瀏覽我們了解了“the Red Hat Society”這個社團的性質(zhì)和作用，再結(jié)合信息句 “Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.”，我們很容易得出48題正確答案為C。

　�。�05 福建卷 A 篇）Paul Zindel’s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.

　　Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but he was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（當(dāng)代的） literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel’s autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel’s books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.

　　56．Which of Paul Zindel’s books was the most popular with young adults in the 20th century?

　　A．The Pigman.

　　B．The Doom Stone.

　　C．The Pigman and Me.

　　D．The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.

　　57．Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?

　　A．His books were widely read by children.

　　B．His books were interesting and helpful to adults.

　　C．He made great contributions to contemporary literature.

　　D．He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.

　　58．When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize?

　　A．In 2002．  B．In 2003．

　　C．Between 1967 and 1992． D．Between 2002 and 2003．

　　59．Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.

　　a.The Pigman and Me was one of the Best Books for teenagers.

　　b.Zindel was one of the earliest writers who wrote for adults only.

　　c.The Doom Stone and Rats are not popular with young adults.

　　d.Zindel was given four prizes for literature before he died.

　　e.At least eight of Zindel’s books were very popular in his times.

　　A．c, d, e B．a(chǎn), b, c C．a(chǎn), b, d D．a(chǎn), d, e

　　解析：這四題都是細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。56、57、58三題, 只要我們根據(jù)題干的問句找到信息源，很快就能找到正確答案分別是：A、C、A，做第59題時我們要對五個陳述作出正誤判斷，b、c兩個說法是錯誤的，因此，正確答案為D。

　　下面請同學(xué)們實戰(zhàn)演練上述方法和技巧。

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)一】（05北京卷 A 篇）

　　Chances

　　I really love my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and awards from the job. I also think my work is important. There was a time when I thought I would never have that sort of career（職業(yè)）.

　　I wasn’t an excellent student because I didn’t do much schoolwork. In my final term I started thinking what I might do and found I didn’t have much to offer. I just accepted that I wasn’t the type to have a career.

　　I then found myself a job. Looking after two little girls, It wasn’t too bad at first. But the problems began when I agreed to live in, so that I would be there if my boss had to go out for business in the evening. We agreed that if I had to work extra hours one week, she’d give me time off the next. But unfortunately, it didn’t often work out. I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.

　　One Sunday, I was in the park with the children, and met Megan who used to go to school with me, I told her about my situation. She suggested that I should do a course and get a qualification（資格證書）if I wanted to work with children. I didn’t think I would be accepted because I didn’t take many exams in school. She persuaded me to phone the local college and they were really helpful. My experience counted for a lot and I got on a part – time course. I had to leave my job with the family, and got work helping out at a kindergarten.

　　Now I’ve got a full – time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could have a career, even if you aren’t top of the class at school.

　　56．What is the author’s present job?

　　A．Working part – time in a college.

　　B．Taking care of children for a family.

　　C．Helping children with their schoolwork.

　　D．Looking after children at a kindergarten.

　　57．When staying with the two girls’ family, the author       .

　　A．was paid for extra work B．often worked long hours

　　C．got much help from her boss D．took a day off every other week

　　58．Why did the author leave her first job?

　　A．She found a full – time job.

　　B．She was fed up with children.

　　C．She decided to attend a part – time course.

　　D．She needed a rest after working extra hours.

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)二】（05湖南卷 A 篇）

　　We were on tour a few summers ago, driving through Chicago, when right outside of the city, we got pulled over. A middle-aged policeman came up to the car and was really being troublesome at first. Lecturing us, he said,“You were speeding. Where are you going in such a hurry?” Our guitarist, Tim, told him that we were on our way to Wisconsin to play a show. His way towards us totally changed. He asked, “Oh, so you boys are in a band（樂隊）？”We told him that we were. He then asked all the usual band questions about the type of music we played, and how long we had been at it. Suddenly, he stopped and said, “Tim, you want to get out of this ticket, don’t you?” Tim said,“Yes.” So the officer asked him to step out of the car. The rest of us, inside the car, didn’t know what to think as we watched the policeman talk to Tim. Next thing we knew, the policeman was putting Tim in the back of the police car he had parked in front of us. With that, he threw the car into reverse（倒車），stopping a few feet in back of our car. Now we suddenly felt frightened. We didn’t know if we were all going to prison, or if the policeman was going to sell Tim on the black market or something. All of a sudden, the policeman’s voice came over his loudspeaker. He said, “Ladies and gentlemen, for the first time ever, we have Tim here singing on Route 90．”Turns out, the policeman had told Tim that the only way he was getting out of the ticket was if he sang part of one of our songs over the loudspeaker in the police car. Seconds later, Tim started screaming into the receiver. The policeman enjoyed the performance, and sent us on our way without a ticket.

　　56．The policeman stopped the boys to       .

　　A．put them into prison B．give them a ticket

　　C．enjoy their performance D．a(chǎn)sk some band questions

　　57．The policeman became friendly to the boys when he knew they        .

　　A．had long been at the band B．played the music he loved

　　C．were driving for a show D．promised him a performance

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)三】（06江西卷 B 篇）

　　Buster Biown was a thief——and a good one, too, he thought. He’d never been caught by the police because he never took chances.  He was always prepared for any unforeseenf event or emergency.

　　Confidently, he stood outside the house of his intended victim(受害者) and read the sign on the front gate     of the house. “Don’t worry the dog—be aware of the owner!”  it said. Buster smiled and found his way in.

　　The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a dog came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are—trying to lick me to death.”

　　Satisfied he’d made friends with the dog, Buster began to wander round the house, choosing items to put in his bag. His skilled eye picked out only the best antiques (古董): a pair of silver candle holders, a silver tea-and-coffce service, etc . His new friend, the dog , sat and watched,  as if wondering what was happening.

　　“Well, boy,” Buster whispered finally. “That might do. Any more and I won’t be able to carry it ! ”  Her swung the heavy bag onto his shouiders, just as the lights came on, nearly blinding him . He shielded his eyes with his hand.

　　“You’ re a very silly person,” the figure in the doorway said, his voice dry as dust. As the man came closer, Bustor could see he was well dressed. His face seemed familiar, but Buster couldn’t quite sure where he had seen him before.

　　“You should have taken more notice of the sign outside.” The man rasped,  “I knew about this attempted robbery Iast week and I also know you will end up behind bars for 20 years. Fancy trying to rob the house of  the world’ s greatest fortune-teller!”

　　60． Why was Buster so confident?

　　A. He was not afraid of dogs.

　　B. He knew the owner of the house lived alone.

　　C. He had never been caught by the police.

　　D. The house had no security alarm.

　　61． Which of the definitions id closest in meaning to the word “exoticc” in the 3rd paragraph?

　　A. Messy and untidy.             B. Rich and expenaive.

　　C. Comfortable and calming       D. Foreign and unusual

　　62． How did Buster decide wlich objects to take?

　　A. He took those the were easy to carry in his bag.

　　B. He took only the best antiques.

　　C. He took those that he knew he could sell easily.

　　D. He looked for silver objects.

　　63． What punishment waits for Buster Brown?

　　A. A prison sentence with hard labour.

　　B. A long prison sentence.

　　C. A heavy fine

　　D.Community service for 20 years.

　　第二節(jié) 猜測詞義題解題技巧

　　在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學(xué)立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。

　　這種題常見的提問方式有：

　　The word “…” in paragraph … can best be replaced by … ….

　　The underlined word “…” most probably means ….

　　By saying “…”, the author means …

　　The expression “…” is closest to …

　　According to the passage, the phrase “…” suggests …

　　The underlined part “… …” (in Para. … )  means …..

　　做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境想當(dāng)然。

　　猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下三個方面的線索：

　　一． 針對性的解釋

　　針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。

　　1． 根據(jù)定義（definition）猜測詞義

　　如果生詞有一個句子或段落來定義，那么理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。

　　定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

　　例如：（05 湖北卷A段）Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（聲稱）as its own.

　　由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：“動物的地盤”。

　�。�04 浙江卷B段）Green building means “reducing the impact (影響) of the building on the land”.

　　由定義我們可以推斷這里 Green building 指的是什么。

　　2．根據(jù)復(fù)述推測詞義

　　雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是它提供的信息可以為閱讀者猜測詞義提供

　　依據(jù)，至少讀者可以根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測生詞的大致“義域”（意義范圍）。復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語、或從句。

　　同位語復(fù)述：在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間常用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號，冒號，分號，引號和括號等。同位語前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say,  i.e. 等。

　　例如：（05浙江卷B段）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．

　　由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。

　　定語從句復(fù)述：

　　例如：（04 福建卷E段）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .

　　According the passage, The Pines is a         .

　　A．place in which you can see many mobile homes

　　B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

　　C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

　　D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

　　通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。

　　2． 根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義

　　恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。

　　例如：（04 遼寧卷C段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.

　　根據(jù)such as 后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue 是指“議題”。

　　二． 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

　　根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。

　　1． 根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義

　　在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while 引導(dǎo)的并列句。

　　例如：（NMET 2002 E篇）A child’s birthday party doesn’t  have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.

　　What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?

　　A. a party designed by specialists

　　B. a plan requiring careful thought

　　C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble

　　D. a demand made by guests

　　根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。

　　2． 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義

　　同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

　　例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

　　該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”。

　　3． 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義

　　在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。

　　例如：（05上海卷B段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”

　　The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “      ”.

　　A．full of respect   B．too confident and rude

　　C．lacking in experience  D．too shy and quiet

　　根據(jù)since 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（“既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為：B。

　�。�05江西卷D段）Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.

　　根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：“修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。

　　4． 根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關(guān)系猜測詞義

　　在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。

　　例如：（05 江蘇卷E段）William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together.”

　　The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means     .

　　A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy

　　句中g(shù)ood and ill together 更具體地說明了 a mingled yarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：“混合的，交織的”，答案是：B。

　�。�04 湖北卷C段）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.

　　根據(jù)and three other medical centers 這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins 是一家醫(yī)療中心。

　　三． 通過構(gòu)詞法

　　在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。

　　1． 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義

　　例如：（05江西卷E段）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

　　根據(jù)詞根educational （教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。

　　2． 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義

　　例如：（05 廣東卷E段）It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．

　　后綴 -ise/ize意思是“使成為…；使…化”，結(jié)合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的”。

　　3． 根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義

　　例如：（05 北京卷B段）Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions.

　　Well-designed 或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well （好，優(yōu)秀）和design （設(shè)計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設(shè)計精巧的”意思。

　　（04浙江卷D 段）We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists.

　　根據(jù)合成詞中的mass （大量的）和produce （生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。

　　綜上所述，利用各種已知的信息推測判斷生詞詞義是一項重要的閱讀技能。在閱讀中我們可以根據(jù)實際靈活應(yīng)用上面提到的幾種猜詞技巧，排除生詞的干擾，理解文章的思想，提高閱讀速度，同時，提高我們在高考閱讀理解中的得分率。

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)四】（04廣東卷 B 篇）

　　One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65． Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modem equipments.

　　62． The underlined part “have access to” (in Para. 4) means_____.

　　A. use      B. buy     C. produce      D. try

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)五】（04湖北卷 D篇）

　　Who is there among us who hasn’t dreamed of having his or her own small (maybe , several years later , even big ) business , and having wonderful freedom , both from a boss and from the time clock ; the freedom to make up our own rules for our work , and our own plans —arranging our own hours of work ? That way work would be both painless and fun . Or , so we imagine .

　　Well, in fact it isn’t quite as simple as that . Yes , it is true that being the boss has its satisfactions and that you can arrange your working hours freely if you own your own small business . But in those early years of starting your own business, you shouldn’t think of a free day , not to mention flying off for a month’s vacation . It is not unusual for new business owners to work seventy or eighty hours a week , and if there is a day off , that day might need to be devoted to accounting (算賬).

　　But this negative picture doesn’t destroy the beautiful hopes. The possibility of getting something wonderful in return—both material and mental—continues to drive that large number of people who start up small businesses each year in the United States .

　　70．The expression “negative picture” most probably means “         ”.

　　A．a(chǎn) terrible experience  B．a(chǎn) poor picture

　　C．limited freedom   D．unpleasant situations

　　第三節(jié) 主旨大意題解題技巧

　　主旨大意題在高考閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高，因為這類題主要考查考生能否通過理解、分析全文，區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息，進(jìn)而總結(jié)歸納文章或段落的大意。測試點主要體現(xiàn)在對文章的主題、目的、中心思想的把握以及標(biāo)題的選擇。

　　這類題型常見的提問方式有：

　　What’s the main idea of the passage?

　　What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　The topic of Paragraph … is ….

　　Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

　　A good/suitable title for this passage would be ….

　　我們知道：文章的主旨是通過段落來表達(dá)的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來體現(xiàn)，所以段落的主題句是構(gòu)成文章中心思想的有機組成部分。因此，識別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關(guān)鍵。由于文章內(nèi)容和體裁的不同，作者的寫作手法也不盡相同，主題句在段落中出現(xiàn)的位置也不固定。一般說來，采用歸納法的段落，細(xì)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，主題句在段尾；采用演繹法的段落，先提出觀點，后演繹例證，由一般到特殊，主題句出現(xiàn)在段首；若作者采用由“特殊 — 一般 — 特殊”的方式，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時，作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句，我們要學(xué)會根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容去概括出主題句，進(jìn)而歸納出文章的主題。

　　做這類題時常用略讀法�？焖匍喿x文章找出各個段落的主題句。把各個段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標(biāo)題是中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式，選擇的標(biāo)題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時，常常利用生活常識編造干擾項，把文中的細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項，編制超出文章范圍的標(biāo)題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標(biāo)題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。對選擇標(biāo)題類題，若遇到拿不太準(zhǔn)的情況時，可以自己思考一下：“如果是我寫這個題目，我會怎樣寫？”。

　　看看下面兩個例題：

　　(05 廣東卷 B 篇)

　　Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise．Leadership means power,

　　commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement．Unlike vitamin C, leadership

　　skills can't be easily swallowed down．They must be carefully cultivated.

　　Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born．They learn their skills in their everyday lives．But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?

　　Always give credit．Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance

　　from others is to treat them like heroes．Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world．It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that's never forgotten.

　　Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批評) , which often

　　hurts rather than helps．Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees.

　　"Catch people doing something right!" he says．Then tell everyone about it.

　　Take informed risks．" The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,"

　　says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz, "Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落傘) beforehand．"

　　Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait

　　for others to take charge．But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die a

　　thousand deaths．Pick yourself up and start all over again.

　　Encourage enthusiasm (熱情)．"When people understand the importance of work, they lend

　　their mental strengths," says Lee Ducat．But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job．That's a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement? Be enthusiastic yourself. You will be followed by everyone.

　　63．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

　　A．Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques

　　B．Leadership Is Very Important

　　C．Not Many Can Be Leaders

　　D．How to Be a Leader

　　解析：這一題考查主旨大意，要考生為文章選擇標(biāo)題。文章第一第二兩段提出：‘Leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.’‘Most good leaders are made, not born.’（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力要精心培養(yǎng)。）接下來文章從三個方面闡述了培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的方法：Always give credit/ Take informed risks/ Encourage enthusiasm (熱情)。根據(jù)各個段落的主題句，結(jié)合文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們不難歸納出文章的中心：這篇文章講的是怎樣培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能。由此，我們判斷選項D 在意義上涵蓋了文章的中心，是最好的標(biāo)題。

　�。�05 天津卷 A 篇）

　　Everyone’s at it , even my neighbors . I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn’t done an eBay deal . So, I decided to try my hand at online auction (網(wǎng)上拍賣) . Buying for beginners: Sign up on www.ebay.co.uk . Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a shart description ; others may be marked with “Buy It Now” and have a fixed price . You can buy these right away.

　　If the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出價) for you . The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.

　　How to pay : Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders . The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡).

　　Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item . I followed my friends’ advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.

　　The big things in life: It’s easy to post a small item , but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen . Check the ways of delivery before you bid.

　　36．What is the passage mainly about?

　　A．How to make payment online.

　　B．Ways of making delivery online.

　　C．Advantages of an online-auction system.

　　D．How to use an online-auction system.

　　解析：這是一篇說明文，文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，第一段介紹注冊網(wǎng)址、網(wǎng)上的拍賣品；第二段介紹怎樣競價；第三段介紹怎樣付款。把三段的大意聯(lián)系起來我們就可以概括出文章的中心：網(wǎng)絡(luò)拍賣系統(tǒng)的使用方法。由此，我們很容易得出答案：D。

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)六】（05 福建卷 C 篇）

　　Walk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick. But if you had been around 15,000 years ago, during the last ice age ,would it have been the same? For more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted（反應(yīng)）to the cold, dry climates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfying answer.

　　Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year; equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.

　　Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments（沉淀物）, which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes. Rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled（未取樣）. So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.

　　67．The best title for this passage may probably be        .

　　A．Studies of the Amazon B．Climates of the Amazon

　　C．Secrets of the Rainforests          D．Changes of the Rainforests

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)七】（05 上海卷 D 篇）

　　Equipped only with a pair of binoculars(雙筒望遠(yuǎn)鏡) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinch(紅腹灰雀). Britain’s birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. But new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost three million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.

　　Devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare Siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鳴鳥) on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.

　　“Almost three million UK birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone with only a casual interest.” Stephen Moss said in his newly published book－A Bird in the Bush a Social History of Birdwatching－which records the pursuit from the rich Victorian Englishman’s love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.

　　Television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend. Last summer, BBC 2’s Britain Goes Wild was a surprise success .It pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling out across the UK as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.

　　Birdwatchers’ networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first Vermivora chrysoptera --- a golden–winged songbird from North America－to be seen in Britain. He put a message our on the network service Birdline, and the next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the Tesco car park in Kent, where it had settled. Today, birdwatchers can log on to www.birdline.co.uk or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.

　　“Multimillion-pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said David Cromack, the editor of Bird Watching magazine “The number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”

　　79．The passage mainly tells us about ___________ in UK.

　　A．the history of birdwatchig B．a(chǎn) growing passion for birdwatching

　　C．the impact of media on birdwatching D．birdwatcing as a popular expensive sport

　　第四節(jié) 推理引申題解題技巧

　　閱讀的目的不僅在于讀懂原文字面上的意義，還要求在理解原文觀點的基礎(chǔ)上，領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意（learn to read between the lines）�！犊荚嚧缶V》要求考生能作出簡單判斷和推理、能理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度。這一能力要求常常通過推理引申題來考查。

　　推理是要求考生在閱讀過程中溝通外現(xiàn)的和內(nèi)涵的、已述的和未述的含義，以文章提供的事實為依據(jù)，經(jīng)過分析、思考形成這樣或那樣的觀點；要求考生在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意，并對作者的態(tài)度、觀點、寫作目的意圖、文章的寓意等作出正確的推理判斷。引申要求考生在理解文章主題思想、作者的態(tài)度傾向、觀點意圖、情節(jié)發(fā)展等的前提下，作出合乎邏輯的引申。這類題要求我們由“已知的”去推斷“未知的”，屬于一種深層次的理解。

　　推理引申題題干中常常含有infer，imply, suggest，conclude, learn，tone, attitude, intend， purpose 等一類的詞。常見的提問形式有：

　　The purpose of the passage is to … …

　　It can be inferred from the passage that …

　　We may infer that…..

　　When the writer talks about …., what the writer really means is …

　　The author suggests that….

　　The story implies that….

　　The writer’s attitude towards ….is ….

　　From the passage we can conclude that….

　　The passage is intended to ….

　　In the author’s opinion, …….

　　The purpose of writing this passage is … …

　　It can be concluded that… ….

　　Which point of view may the author agree to ?

　　了解了這一類題的特點和命題形式，我們還要注意正確的答題方法：在閱讀時要抓住文章的主題和細(xì)節(jié)，分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，推斷文章的深層含義。對于隱含在字里行間或者流露于文章修飾詞語中的人物的行為動機、事件中的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、態(tài)度、觀點、意圖等要依據(jù)文章的主題思想進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷。命題者在出推理類題時往往編造一些文中已言明的事實、超出文章范圍的推理、過度發(fā)揮的引申等來作為干擾項考查考生的邏輯思維能力。因此，特別注意：文中已明確說明的內(nèi)容不需要推理，推理以原文中心為依據(jù)，引申要適度。對于涉及作者觀點和態(tài)度一類題時，不要把自己的態(tài)度摻入其中，還要注意區(qū)分作者的觀點態(tài)度和作者引用別人的觀點態(tài)度，當(dāng)作者沒有明確表示態(tài)度時，要學(xué)會根據(jù)作者使用詞語的褒貶性去判斷。常用的褒義詞有：positive,  support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring, great, wonderful, beautiful, fantastic;常用的貶義詞有: disgusting, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointed, awful; 常用的表中性的詞有：indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent（矛盾的）, neutral, apathetic（無動于衷的）, humor, disinterested.

　　看看下面的例題：（05 重慶卷 A 篇）

　　My parents were in a huge argument, and I was really upset about it . I didn’t know who I should talk with about how I was feeling. So I asked Mom to allow me to stay the night at my best friend’s house. Though I knew I wouldn’t tell her about my parents’ situation, I was looking forward to getting out of the house. I was in the middle of packing up my things when suddenly the power went out in the neighborhood. Mom came to tell me that I should stay with my grandpa until the power came back on.

　　I was really disappointed because I felt that we did not have much to talk about. But I knew he would be frightened alone in the dark. I went to his room and told him that I’d stay with him until the power was restored. He was quite happy and said: “Great opportunity.”

　　“What is?” I asked.

　　“To talk , you and I ,” he said .” To hold a private little meeting about what we’re going to do with your mom and dad , and what we’re going to do with ourselves now that we’re in the situation we are in .”

　　“But we can’t do anything about it , Grandpa,” I said , surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same “boat” as I was .

　　And that’s how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feelings and fears of life—from how fast things change, to how they sometimes don’t change fast enough. That night, because the power went out , I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be.

　　Suddenly, the lights all came back on. “Well,” he said, “I guess that means you’ll go now .I really like our talk. I hope the power will go out every few nights!”

　　58．What can be inferred from the passage?

　　A．The grandchild was eager to leave.  B．They would have more chats.

　　C．The lights would go out again. D．It would no longer be dark.

　　解析：短文的中心是：在一個停電的夜晚，“我”和爺爺愉快暢談的故事。故事中已言明：He was quite happy and said : “Great opportunity.”； I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be；I hope the power will go out every few nights!這些事實，結(jié)合短文的中心，我們不難推斷出：爺孫兩個人以后會有更多的交流。所以，這題答案為：B。

　�。�05 重慶卷 E 篇）

　　In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people .

　　I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied (依賴)on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .

　　However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (緩解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .

　　75．Which point of view may the author agree to?

　　A．Every effort should be paid back.

　　B．Competition should be encouraged.

　　C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter.

　　D．Fear of failure should be removed in competition.

　　解析：文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，第一段首句揭示主題：Opinions about competition are different among people. 第二段作者通過生活中的觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)：Many children are lost in the desire to succeed. 并表明自己的看法：In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success , the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .（在他們對成功追求的簡單心態(tài)下，許多其他的品德的發(fā)展被可悲地遺忘了。）第三段第一句用到表轉(zhuǎn)折的副詞however，其后呈現(xiàn)段落主題句：while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed , others take an opposite attitude .接下來，作者分析了兩種不同態(tài)度的實質(zhì)：Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others . Both are afraid of not being valued .最后作者表明自己的觀點：Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (緩解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .分析各個段落的主題，我們不難得出文章的中心思想：只有消除競爭中的畏懼心理，我們才能發(fā)現(xiàn)競爭的意義。75題是一道推理題，要求我們推斷作者的觀點態(tài)度，分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)合文章的主題，我們不難推斷出：D 為正確答案。

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)八】（05 山東卷 B 篇）

　　Fidenzio Salvatori is determined that the city of Toronto will have an outdoor marketplace for merchants from its immigrant community, complete with dancing and other forms of amusement from their native countries. “Toronto is truly multicultural(多元文化的),” he said in a newspaper interview. “It’s a city from many places, and a multicultural marketplace will help Torontonians to understand and appreciate the rich variety of cultural groups in our city.”

　　Salvatori, aged 23, will soon complete his studies at the University of Toronto. He was eleven years old when he came to Canada from Italy with his parents. “Most of Toronto’s immigrants are from lands where the marketplace has always been part of daily life,” he said.

　　Salvatori has been interested in getting an open-air market for Toronto for the last three years. This year, with the help of two fellow students, he prepared a proposal on the subject and presented it to the city’s Executive Committee, asking for their support. The proposal pointed out Toronto’s rich variety of national groups, “whose customs include market shopping.”

　　Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the three students have received tow thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto’s immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. “A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it,” Salvatori said. “At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as a tourist attraction.”

　　64．It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports _____.

　　A．the protection of different cultures B．the plan of an open-air market

　　C．the request of merchants  D．the attitude of shoppers

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)九】（05 遼寧卷 A 篇）

　　When building houses, people used to think about not only the climate of the areas but also the building materials and the fashions for their houses. However, since electricity became more and more expensive, people began to pay much more attention to the energy they could get for their houses and the new ways they could find to protect their houses from both cold and heat.

　　Now, houses of an old yet new type have been widely built. In some parts of the world, people share their houses with their livestock（家畜）.During cold weather, they gather their cows, goats, or other animals and keep them on the first floor of their houses. The reasons are that the animals can be protected from the cold and that they can help to heat the houses as well. The body heat given off by the animals rises to the second floor of the houses, where people live. By sharing their houses with their livestock, people gain a source of heat.

　　People who live in or near cities do not usually keep livestock. However, home builders use the fact that heat rises. This natural law can be used in building houses in these areas. Instead of keeping livestock on the first floor, builders fill it with large rocks. As they are open to the sun’s rays during cold weather, these rocks take in heat. They also give off the heat, and, of course, the warm air rises into the living areas of the houses. So these houses are energy-saving.

　　House-building becomes a great challenge（挑戰(zhàn)）to building designers and energy engineers. They try to meet this challenge by learning from old traditions and by using modern technology. And someday in the future, people will be able to live in more energy-saving houses.

　　59．From the passage, we can conclude that __________.

　　A．people will no longer consider building materials in the future

　　B．energy-saving buildings will become more popular in the future

　　C．a(chǎn)lmost all people will move into the houses heated by large rocks

　　D．energy engineers will devote themselves only to modern technology

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十】（05 全國卷Ⅲ  E 篇）

　　Last year my sixth-grader daughter, Elizabeth, was forced to put up with science. Her education, week after week ,contained mindless memorization of big words like “batholith” and “saprophyte”. She learned by heart the achievements of famous scientists who did things like “improved nuclear fusion(核聚變)” —never mind that she hasn’t the least idea of what nuclear fusion means .Elizabeth did very well (she’s good at memorizing things). And now she hates science. My eighth-grader son, Ben, also suffered from science education. Week after week he had to perform lab experiments with answers already known .Ben figured out how to guess the right answers, so he got good grades. Now he hates science, too.

　　Science can provide an exciting way to develop children’s curiosity .Science education should teach ways to ask questions and seek answers. But my children got the mistaken idea in school that science is difficult, dull and has no relation to their everyday interests.

　　As a physicist, I am saddened and angered to see “the great science turn off” I know that science is important in our lives. Yet studies prove that our schools are turning out millions of graduates who know almost nothing about and have almost no interest in science. What’s gone wrong? Who is to blame?

　　60．By writing the text, the author questions          .

　　A．the difficulty level of the science texts B．the way science is taught in school

　　C．the achievements of famous scientists D．students’ poor records in science classes

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十一】（06 北京卷B篇）

　　I was 9 years old when I found out my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother’s words as if it were yesterday: “Kerrel, I don’t want you to take food from your father, because he has AIDS. Be very careful when you are around him.”

　　AIDS wasn’t something we talked about in my country when I was growing up. From then on, I knew that this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But when I was 12, his condition worsened. My father’s other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.

　　We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.

　　I did not share my burden (負(fù)擔(dān)) with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates who had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cruel. When my father was moved to the hospital, the nurses would leave his food on the bedside table even though he was too weak to feed himself.

　　I had known that he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his condition a secret. I was completely unprepared when he reached his final days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National AIDS Support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life.

　　I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn’t want to call attention to AIDS. I do.

　　63． Why did Kerrel write the passage?

　　A. To tell people about the sufferings of her father.

　　B. To show how little people knew about AIDS.

　　C. To draw people’s attention to AIDS.

　　D. To remembered her father.

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十二】（06 陜西卷D篇）

　　In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their peole has increased rapidly in recent years.  Sadly,not everyone in these coyntries is so fortunate and many people in rich contries are homeless.

　　The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty（貧窮）is undoubtedly one of the main causes.  The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads.  Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.

　　Some homeless people are mentally ill and have no one to look after them.  Some are young people who, for one reason or another , have left home and have nowhere to live.  Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home, choosing to go to a city and live on the streets.  Sometimes they have taken such action because they have been unable to get on with a step-parent.

　　Many homeless people get into the habit of begging to get enough money to stay alive, but many of the general public tefuse to give anything to beggars.  Often they are moved on by the police, being accused （指控），whether rightly or wrongly, of forceful begging .  There are many who disrespect homeles people.

　　Some cynics（憤世嫉俗的人）declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead.  But who would willingly choose to live in z shop doorway, under a bridger or in a cardboard box?

　　53． It can be inferred from the text that________.

　　A. the homeles are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboard box

　　B. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living

　　C. the mentally ill live on the stress becausethey want the company of other homeless people

　　D. the unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless

　　第五節(jié) 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題解題技巧

　　對《考試大綱》中提出的理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)的要求，往往通過篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題來考查�？忌�要學(xué)會把握文章的脈絡(luò)，理解段落層次之間的關(guān)系，弄清作者的寫作方法。英語的文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章的開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想，主題句根據(jù)段落的寫作手法的不同可能在段落的開頭，也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾。段與段之間常用詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫，邏輯嚴(yán)密。為突出主題作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。高考對這類題型的考查主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

　　1． 確定指代關(guān)系。最常見的提問方式是：The underlined word “they/it/…” in paragraph… refers to… …

　　2． 對句子意義或作用的理解。最常見的提問方式是：The sentence “… …” in paragraph … means ….; The example of … … in para….is used to illustrate/show … ….

　　3． 對段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常見的提問方式是：The last paragraph mainly tell us that … …; The purpose of writing Paragraph … is …. ….

　　4． 對文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。最常見的提問方式是：How is the passage organized?；Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

　　在上述幾類題中考生感覺難做的題是第四類, 這類題是近兩年來出現(xiàn)的主要考查議論文結(jié)構(gòu)的命題新方式,且逐步得到語言教育專家們的認(rèn)可。并逐步推廣到對其他文體結(jié)構(gòu)的考查。分析這一類的題我們看出：對文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)的考查不外乎兩個層次。一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，一是按寫作方法（論證方法）理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　首先，看看這樣考查從段落層次理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。這類題經(jīng)常用到的提問方式是：Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 常見的段落結(jié)構(gòu)有如下幾種情況：

　�、�           ①                ①                ①

　�、�            ②  ③          ② ③ ④

　　④

　�、�    ④

　�、�          ⑤               ⑤             ②③④⑤

　　圖1          圖2              圖4               圖5

　　圖1表明：①（Paragraph 1）是主題段（提出論題或論點），②、③段是就同一論據(jù)或者問題的同一方面作論述，④用另一論據(jù)材料或者從問題的另一方面論述，⑤段是結(jié)論段或者是用來重述論題、強調(diào)論點的段落。同樣我們很容易理解圖2、3、4所示的段落結(jié)構(gòu)的意義。

　　下面具體看看05年江蘇卷E篇：

　　The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.

　　Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.

　　The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.

　　Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.

　　William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線）, good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?

　　72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

　　A．           B．               C．            D．

　�、�           ①                ①                ①

　�、�            ②  ③          ② ③ ④

　　④

　�、�    ④

　　⑤          ⑤               ⑤             ②③④⑤

　�。á�=Paragraph 1,②=Paragraph 2, ③=Paragraph 3, ④=Paragraph 4,⑤=Paragraph 5）

　　理解文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)，我們很容易找到答案A。

　　接下來再來看看這樣從論證方法上考查對議論文結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。掌握了議論文常見的寫作方法，我們不難理解議論文的論證過程。從論證方法上講，常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類：

　　一、Put forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question 這就是“提出問題、分析問題、解決問題”的過程；二、Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea

　　這就是“由論點到論據(jù)到結(jié)論或者強調(diào)論點”的過程。

　　對說明文、夾敘夾議類文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，只要我們弄清段落意義和段落之間的關(guān)系，很容易理解其結(jié)構(gòu)�？纯聪旅娴睦�題我們也許會得到一些啟發(fā)。例1：

　　I receive a lot of emails every time a column is published in 21st Century. The majority of questions I get are like this: “My English is still very poor, could you please give me some advice?” Since this kind of question is so big and so vague, any answers will be too broad or too general. In fact, asking questions is an art that needs training and practice in itself. And I would like to offer the following tips:

　　Always contextualize your question. If you really want to ask for advice on something, you need to provide a brief description of how you came up with the question and how you can benefit from asking it. For instance, if you need to improve your English, you need to state the skill area you are in the greatest need of improving, and what difficulties you encounter that cause you so many problems

　　The second piece of advice is that your question should be focused and specific. By that I mean that you might have a lot of questions, but choose the one that is most important and at the same time the least complicated.

　　Third, you can practise asking one question in multiple ways. For instance, if you are interested in knowing how you can boost your confidence in speaking, you might consider asking: “I often feel nervous before I ask a question, how can I overcome my anxiety?” “Could you share with me your experience of speaking in front of others?”

　　Of course, the best way to ask good questions is through the practice of questioning. I highly encourage you to seek opportunities to ask questions. It takes time to be a really good questioner.

　　How is the text organized?

　　A．Topic---argument----description

　　B．Opinion—discussion---explanation

　　C．Main idea---comparison--- supporting examples

　　D．Topic ----argument----conclusion

　　解析：文章一開始就提出本文要講的中心, 然后進(jìn)行論述, 最后得出結(jié)論。由此,我們不難得出答案是D。

　　例2：

　�。�05 浙江卷 C 篇）

　　In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.

　　First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night.

　　I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time—two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week.

　　But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor.

　　I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again.

　　52．How is the text organized?

　　A．Topic—Argument—Explanation

　　B．Opinion—Discussion—Description

　　C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples

　　D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion

　　解析：這道題考查考生對文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，把握了文章的脈絡(luò)，我們不難得出答案：D。

　　2007年廣東高考英語試題題型（討論稿）中提出把篇章結(jié)構(gòu)作為專門的一節(jié)來考查：要求把標(biāo)有A-F的句子或段落插入到文章中標(biāo)記的適當(dāng)位置，使文章意義完整，結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

　　做好這一類題，要先理解全文的意義和結(jié)構(gòu)，然后理解段落的意義和結(jié)構(gòu)，分析句與句之間的關(guān)系，句與段落的關(guān)系。一般說來，文章中空格的地方主要是三類的句子或者段落：一是段落的主題句；二是和段落主題密切相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)句；三是段落或句子之間的過渡句/段。所以學(xué)會了分析句與句、句與段、段與段之間的關(guān)系做這類題并不難。下面我們來具體看一個例題：

　　閱讀下面短文，請將標(biāo)有A-F的句子或段落插入到文章中標(biāo)號為71-75的合適位置，使文章意義完整，結(jié)構(gòu)連貫；其中一個段落或句子是多余的。

　　Some twenty years ago, the performance of girls and boys in class was compared.   71   Now, the situation is reversed (顛倒) with girls consistently doing better than boys.

　　72   John Dunsford, leader of the association of head teachers of secondary schools, says that the academic failure of boys is a problem which had its roots in society rather than the classroom. Girls, more than boys, see education as a passport to a good job. On the other hand, according to Penny Lewis, a head teacher, young men lack confidence, which they hide with a show of bravado (逞能). They’re uncertain about their place in society.  73

　　Moreover, boys may learn in a different way from girls, preferring small amounts of work with immediate headlines rather than large projects stretching (延續(xù)) into the distance. And education is not seen as “cool”.  74

　　This is not just a problem in Britain. In a study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and UNESCO, girls did better than boys at reading at the age of 15 in all 45 countries. The UK ranks ninth out of the 45 countries for reading despite the fact that pupils in the UK spend less time reading than in most other countries.   75

　　A. So, what has gone wrong with the boys, and what can be done about it?

　　B. Interestingly, the study suggested that British children read for pleasure more often than those in other countries.

　　C. Boys scored better in exams, so various measures were introduced to improve the performance of girls, including having single sex girl-only classes.

　　D. This study can offer a great help to teachers and school leaders in terms of proper education to different people.

　　E. Some boys grow up in families where there is no male role model to follow.

　　F. As one contributoe to a BBC website put it, “Girls achieve more at school because they are watching the future while the boys are watching the girls.”

　　解析：這是一篇說明文。首先通讀文章了解文章的中心：全文分析當(dāng)前在學(xué)校女生比男生表現(xiàn)好的原因。文章結(jié)構(gòu)簡單明了：首先提出問題，然后分析原因。接下來我們來逐段分析：

　　第一段提出問題，71空后面說“現(xiàn)在情況顛倒過來了：女生比男生好了”，看了這句話，我們肯定能判斷前一句話的大意應(yīng)該是：先前的情況是男生比女生表現(xiàn)好。那就從選項中去看哪個句子表達(dá)的是這個意思。快速瀏覽A-F選項，我們得到答案C。

　　第二段分析原因。段首的空格72，應(yīng)該是一個承上啟下的過渡句。瀏覽選項，我們迅速得到答案A。段尾的73空應(yīng)該是一個細(xì)節(jié)句，對前一句具體說明，能夠具體說明They’re uncertain about their place in society一句的只有選項E。

　　第三段進(jìn)一步分析原因。74空應(yīng)該是個細(xì)節(jié)句，詳細(xì)闡明男生比女生表現(xiàn)差的原因。這里我們不難找到答案F。

　　第四段說明這種現(xiàn)象的普遍存在。段尾的75空是一個接續(xù)前句的細(xì)節(jié)句。瀏覽剩余的選項，我們很肯定地找到答案B。

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十三】（05 江西卷 E 篇）

　　Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

　　A supporter of co-educational schools would probably say that schools should be like the societies they belong to .In Hong Kong, men and women mix socially on a day-to-day basis .In many fields men are even likely to have female bosses. It is, therefore, desirable that boys and girls grow up together, go to school together, and prepare themselves for a society that does not value sexual separation.

　　Some would go on to argue further that growing up with members of the opposite sex is important for personal development. Regular contact（接觸）can remove the strange ideas about the opposite-sex and lead to more natural relationships. Single-sex conditions are seen as leading to more extreme opinions, and possibly even as encouraging homosexuality（同性戀）, though there is no proof that this is the case.

　　Those who are against coeducation often also fix their attention on the sexual side. Some parents fear that close contact with members of the opposite sex is dangerous for teenagers. They want their children to be attentive to their studies. Such parents feel uncomfortable with modern ways and the free mixing of the sexes.

　　A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up earlier than

　　boys ,tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at languages. In a mixed class ,boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed （驚動）the government for it to be encouraging co-educational schools to have some single-sex classes. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-education is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools.

　　72．In the third paragraph, by saying “though there is no proof that this is the case”, the writer means that         .

　　A．students in single-sex schools will certainly become homosexual

　　B．students in co-educational schools cannot have extreme opinions

　　C．students in co-educational schools are likely to be homosexual

　　D．single-sex school conditions may or may not have effects on the students

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十四】（04 重慶卷 D 篇）

　　Have you ever had the strange feeling that you were being watched? You turned around and, sure enough, someone was looking right at you!

　　Parapsychologists (靈學(xué)家) say that humans have a natural ability to sense when someone is looking at them. To research whether such a “sixth sense”really exists, Robert Baker, a psychologist(心理學(xué)家)at the University of Kentucky, performed two experiments.

　　In the first one, Baker sat behind unknowing people in public places and stared at the backs of their heads for 5 to 15 minutes. The subjects（受試者）were eating, drinking, reading，studying, watching TV, or working at a computer. Baker made sure that the people could not tell that he was sitting behind them during those periods. Later, when he questioned the subjects, almost all of them said they had no sense that someone was staring at them.

　　For the second experiment, Baker told the subjects that they would be stared at from time to time from behind a two way mirror in a laboratory setting. The people had to write down when they felt they were being stared at and when they weren’t. Baker found that the subjects were no better at telling when they were stared at and when they weren’t .Baker found that the subjects were no better at telling when they were stared at than if they had just guessed.

　　Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”

　　68. The purpose of the two experiments is to        .

　　A. explain when people can have a sixth sense

　　B. show how people act while being watched in the lab

　　C. study whether humans can sense when they are stared at

　　D. prove why humans have a sixth sense

　　【實戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十五】

　　閱讀下面短文，并將文后標(biāo)有A-F 的句子（或段落）插入文章中標(biāo)號為71-75的合適位置，使短文結(jié)構(gòu)完整。其中有一個句子（或段落）是多余的。

　　She is widely seen as proof that good looks can last forever. But, at nearly 500 years of age, time is catching up with the Mona Lisa.

　　71

　　“The thin, wooden panel on which the Mona Lisa is painted in oil has changed shape since experts checked it two years age,” the museum said.   72  .

　　73    “It is very interesting that when you’re not looking at her, she seems to be smiling, and then you look at her and she stops,” said Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University, “It’s because direct vision is excellent at picking up detail, but less suited to looking at shadows. Da Vinci painted the smile in shadows.”

　　74    Da Vinci himself loved it so much that he always carried it with him, until it was eventually sold to France’s King Francis I in 1519.

　　In 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre by a former employee, who took it out of the museum hidden under his coat. He said he planned to return it to Italy. The painting was sent back to France two years later.

　　75

　　A. Nearly 6 million people go to see the Mona Lisa every year, many attracted by the mystery of her smile.

　　B. However, the actual history of the Mona Lisa is just as mysterious as the smile.

　　C. Visitors have notice the changes but repairing the world’s most famous painting is not easy. Experts are not sure about the materials the Italian artist used and their current chemical state.

　　D. The health of the famous picture, painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1905, is getting worse by the year, according to the Louvre Museum where it is housed.

　　E. The picture is now so valuable that no one can tell its exact price. Therefore, many thieves tried to steal it in any way they could think of.

　　F. During World War II, French did the painting in small towns to keep it out of the hands of German forces. Like many old ladies, the Mona Lisa has some interesting stories to tell.